Python Operators

Python Operators:

An operator is a symbol that performs operations on variables and values.

Types of Operators:

• Arithmetic operators
• Assignment operators
• Comparison operators
• Logical operators
• Identity operators
• Membership operators
• Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators: These perform basic mathematical operations.

• + : Addition
• - : Subtraction
• * : Multiplication
• / : Division
• % : Modulus (remainder)
• ** : Exponentiation (power)
• // : Floor division (division that results in a whole number rounded down)

a = 10
b = 3

print(a + b)   # Addition
print(a - b)   # Subtraction
print(a * b)   # Multiplication
print(a / b)   # Division:
print(a % b)   # Modulus: (remainder of 10/3)
print(a ** b)  # Exponentiation: (10^3)
print(a // b)  # Floor division: (quotient of 10/3, rounded down)

Output:
13
7
30
3.3333333333333335
1
1000
3

Comparison (Relational) Operators: These compare two values.

• == : Equal to
• != : Not equal to
• > : Greater than
• < : Less than
• >= : Greater than or equal to
• <= : Less than or equal to

x = 5
y = 8

print(x == y)  # Equal to
print(x != y)  # Not equal to
print(x > y)   # Greater than
print(x < y)   # Less than
print(x >= y)  # Greater than or equal to
print(x <= y)  # Less than or equal to

Output
False
True
False
True
False
True

Assignment Operators: These assign values to variables.

• = : Simple assignment
• += : Add and assign
• -= : Subtract and assign
• *= : Multiply and assign
• /= : Divide and assign
• //= : Floor divide and assign
• **= : Exponentiate and assign
• %= : Modulus and assign

num = 10
num += 5   # num = num + 5, now num is 15
print(num)
num -= 3   # num = num - 3, now num is 12
print(num)
num *= 2   # num = num * 2, now num is 24
print(num)
num /= 4   # num = num / 4, now num is 6.0
print(num)
num //= 2  # num = num // 2, now num is 3.0
print(num)
num **= 3  # num = num ** 3, now num is 27.0
print(num)
num %= 5   # num = num % 5, now num is 2.0
print(num)

Output:
15
12
24
6.0
3.0
27.0
2.0

Logical Operators: These are used to combine conditional statements.

• and : Returns True if both statements are true
• or : Returns True if one of the statements is true
• not : Reverses the result, returns False if the result is true

a = True
b = False

print(a and b)  # Logical AND
print(a or b)   # Logical OR
print(not a)    # Logical NOT

Output:
False
True
False

Bitwise Operators: These perform operations on binary numbers.

• & : AND
• | : OR
• ^ : XOR
• ~ : NOT
• << : Zero fill left shift
• >> : Signed right shift

p = 5    # 0101 in binary
q = 3    # 0011 in binary

print(p & q)   # Bitwise AND: 1 (0001 in binary)
print(p | q)   # Bitwise OR: 7 (0111 in binary)
print(p ^ q)   # Bitwise XOR: 6 (0110 in binary)
print(~p)      # Bitwise NOT: -6 (inverts all bits)
print(p << 2)  # Zero fill left shift: 20 (10100 in binary)
print(p >> 2)  # Signed right shift: 1 (0001 in binary)

Output:
1
7
6
-6
20
1

Identity Operators: These check if two objects are the same (i.e., occupy the same memory location).

• is : Returns True if both variables are the same object
• is not : Returns True if the variables are not the same object

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = a[:]

print(a is b)       # (b references the same list as a)
print(a is not c)   # (c is a copy of a, not the same object)

Output:
True
True

Membership Operators: These test for membership in a sequence, such as lists, strings, or tuples.

• in : Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is present
• not in : Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not present

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
value = 3

print(value in numbers)    # (3 is in the list)
print(6 not in numbers)    # (6 is not in the list)

Output:
True
True